Prologue

Laboratory Medicine - the New Discipline in the Pregradual Study of General Medicine in Slovakia

Clinical Laboratory

Notes to the Clinical Laboratory

What is Clinical Laboratory?
Laboratory Medicine or Clinical Pathology?

Laboratory Medicine Departments
Staffing
Testing
Quality
ISO Standards & Accreditation Organisations
Medical Ethics
Legal Issues

• Notes to the Laboratory Reagents, Equipment and System of Measurement        

Laboratory Water
Laboratory Plasticware and Glassware
Laboratory Balances
Laboratory Centrifuges
System of Measurement

• Notes to the Solution Preparation        

Density and Specific Gravity
Expression of Solution Concentrations
Concentrations of Solutions
Dilutions

• Notes to the Techniques in the Clinical Laboratory

Notes to the Photometry
Notes to the Nephelometry
Notes to the Electrochemical Methods
Notes to the Immunofluorescence Labeling Techniques
Notes to the Chromatography
Notes to the Reflectance Spectrophotometry
Notes to the Analytical Techniques for Point-of-Care-Testing
Notes to the Flow Cytometry
Notes to the Molecular Techniques

• Notes to the Clinical Laboratory Automation        
  • Automated Analyzers
  • Automated Leucocyte Differentiation
  • Molecular Testing
• Notes to the Quality Assessment        
  • Quality Assessment  Frame
  • Quality Assessment Descriptors
  • Quality Control Statistics
  • Monitoring Quality Control
  • Error Analysis
  • Lean and Six Sigma
  • Testing Outcomes

Laboratory Specialties

• Notes to the Clinical Chemistry        
  • Notes to the Glucose Testing       
    • Clinical Aspects
  • Laboratory Aspects
  • Notes to the Lipid Testing
  • Notes to the Electrolytes Testing       
    • Clinical Aspects
    • Laboratory Aspects
    • Other Electrolytes
    • Reference Values
  • Notes to the Acid Base Balance and Blood Gases Testing       
    • Laboratory Aspects
    • Clinical Aspects
  • Notes to the Uric Acid Testing       
    • Clinical and Laboratory Aspects
  • Notes to the Ammonia Testing       
    • Clinical and Laboratory Aspects
  • Notes to the Cardiac Disease Testing       
    • Clinical and Laboratory Aspects
  • Notes to the Liver and Pancreatic Testing
  • Notes to the Renal Function Testing
    • Clinical and Laboratory Aspects
    • An Example of Hormones Testing
  • Notes to the Tumor Markers Testing
    • General Aspects
    • Specific Markers
  • Notes to the Toxicological Testing
    • Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
    • Drugs of Abuse
• Notes to the Hematology Testing       
  • Introductory Notes
  • Notes to the Blood Cell Development
  • Notes to the Clinical Hematology
  • Notes to the Hemoglobin Testing
  • Notes to the Hematocrit Testing
  • Notes to the Red Blood Cell Indices
  • Notes to the Blood Cell Count
  • Notes to the Examination of the Peripheral Blood Film
  • Notes to the Additional Hematology Procedures
  • Notes to the Coagulation Testing
  • Notes to the Hemostatic Mechanisms
  • Notes to the Quantitative Platelet Disorders
• Notes to the Coagulation       
  • Notes to the Pathways for Coagulation Cascade
  • Notes to the Fibrinolysis
  • Notes to the Normal Protective Mechanisms against Thrombosis
  • Notes to the Tests for Hemostasis and Coagulation
• Notes to the Laboratory Testing in Transfusion Medicine        
  • • Notes to the General Aspects
    • Basic Terms
    • Whole Blood
    • Antigens and Antibodies in Immunohematology
    • ABO Blood Group System
    • Rh Blood Group System
    • Other Blood Group Systems
    • Antihuman Globulin Reaction
  • Notes to the Methodological Aspects
    • Means of Detecting Antigen-Antibody Reactions
    • ABO Typing Procedures
    • Types of Rh Typing Reagents (Antisera)
    • Coombs´Test
  • Notes to the Clinical Context
    • Blood Donation
    • Other Types of Blood Donations
    • Compatibility Testing and Crossmatching
    • Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)
• Notes to the Laboratory Testing in Clinical Immunology        
  • Notes to the Basic Functions of the Immune System
  • Notes to the Specimens in Clinical Immunology
  • Notes to the Principles of Immunologic and Serologic Methods
    • Notes to the Agglutination
    • Notes to the Labeling Techniques
    • Notes to the Molecular Techniques
    • Notes to the POCT in Clinical Immunology
• Notes to the Testing in the Clinical Microbiology        
  • Introductory Notes
  • Notes to the Specimens  and Cultures
    • Notes to the Urine Cultures
    • Notes to the Throat Cultures
    • Notes to the Genitourinary Cultures
    • Notes to the Blood Cultures
  • Notes to the Testing in Bacteriology
  • Notes to the Testing in Mycology
  • Notes to the Testing in Parasitology
  • Notes to Some Specific Aspects of Clinical Microbiology Testing
    • Basic Equipment and Techniques
    • Notes to the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests
    • Notes to the Quality Control in the Microbiology Laboratory
    • Notes to the Protection of Laboratory Personnel
• Notes to the Body Fluids Testing       
  • Introductory Notes
  • Notes to the Pericardial, Pleural and Peritoneal Fluid Testing
  • Notes to the Synovial Fluid (SF) Testing
  • Notes to the Seminal Fluid
  • Notes to the Amniotic Fluid
  • Notes to the Saliva

Shared Activities
Notes to the Urinanalysis

• Notes to the Composition of Urine
• Notes to the Collection and Preservation of Urine Specimens
• Notes to the Chemical Tests in Routine Urinanalysis
• Notes to the Microscopic Analysis of Urine Sediment
• Notes to the Constituents of Urine Sediment
• Review of Urinanalysis
• Appendix
• Renal Anatomy and Physiology

• Notes to the Phlebotomy       
  • Notes to the Specimen Collection
  • Notes to the Specimen General Preparation
  • Notes to the Venous Blood Collection
  • Notes to the Capillary Blood Collection
  • Infection Control
  • Quality Assessment
  • Chain of Custody Specimen Information
• Notes to the the Microscope        
  • Notes to the Description
  • Notes to the Parts of the Microscope
  • Notes to the Care and Cleaning of the Microscope
  • Use of the Microscope
  • Other Types of Microscope
  • Digital Imaging
• Notes to the Point of Care Testing        
  • Introductory Notes
  • Notes to the Use in the Clinical Practice
• Notes to the Safety        
  • Notes to the Basic First Aid Procedures
  • Notes to the Infection Control
  • Notes to the Prevention
  • Notes to the Laboratory Hazards
  • Notes to the Final Decontamination
  • Notes to the Safety Standards
• Notes to the Clinical Laboratory Information System       
  • Overview of Laboratory Information Management Systems
  • Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information
  • Future Considerations
• Notes to Mathemathics        
  • Significant Figures
  • Exponents
  • Proportions and Ratios

Epilogue

• From Monovalency to Polyvalency - The Slovak Experience